Body piercing or getting one’s body tattooed may cost one a huge price- Infection of Hepatitis B and C virus is absolutely possible. The needle used in the act may just be infected with the said virus causing liver disease, which in its ultimate stage often turns cancerous. This is deemed to happen if the needle is not properly sterilized.

Calcium is the most common and abundant mineral in the body. It is important for healthy bones and teeth, helps muscle relax and contract, important in nerve functioning, blood clotting etc. Sodium is needed for proper fluid balance, nerve transmission and muscle contraction.

Recombinant DNA are DNA sequences, which result from bringing genetic material form different sources. The genes can be transferred between any species, that is across differetn species of plants, from animals to plants and from microorganisms to higher organisms.

Sea cow is a mammal. It is a herbivore and it grows up to 9 meters. It looks like a large seal. Sea horse is a fish not a mammal. Sea lion is a mammal. It is a carnivore. It is also known as eared seal.

Viruses have no metabolic enzymes and cannot generate their own energy. Viruses require a growth medium containing living cell therefore cannot be cultured in any synthetic medium. Viruses are transmitted from one organism to another not only by biological vectors but also by mechanical vectors. Mechanical vector like an arthropod vector which transmit an infective organism from one host to another but it is not essential to the life of cycle of the parasite.

Mite, Spider and Scorpion belong to the category of Arachnids, while Crabs belong to the category of crustaceans.

Biometrics identification is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control. Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label individuals. Biometric identifiers are categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics. Physiological Biometric identifiers are fingerprint, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, palm print, hand geometry, iris recognition, retina and odour/scent. Behavioural identifiers are typing rhythm, gait and voice.

Smallpox is the only disease eradicated from India. The last known small pox case was reported in 1965 from Katihar district, Bihar.

Deficiency of vitamin C causes Scurvy, disease of gums. Deficiency of vitamin D causes Rickets, disease of bones and Deficiency of Vitamin A causes night blindness, disease of eyes.

H1N1 flu is also known as swine flu. The cause of swine flu is an influenza A virus type designated as H1N1.

The bio-toilets are fitted underneath the lavatories and the human waste discharged into them is acted upon by a particular kind of bacteria that converts it into CO₂, CH₄ and non-corrosive neutral water. The new-age green toilets have been designed by Railways along with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) keeping in mind the requirements of Indian trains.

(i) A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi.
(ii) According to the type of the host they infect, viruses are classified mainly into the following four types:
(a) Plant viruses including algal viruses-RNA/DNA
(b) Animal viruses including human viruses-DNA/RNA
(c) Fungal viruses(Mycoviruses)-ds RNA
(d) Bacterial viruses (Bacteriophages) including cyanophages-DN
Hence answer “(d)”.