Oil of cloves, also known as Clove oil, is an essential oil obtained from the clove plant. It is a natural analgesic and antiseptic used primarily in dentistry for its main ingredient eugenol. The oil produced by cloves can be used in many things from flavouring medicine to remedies for bronchitis, common cold, a cough, fever, sore throat and tending to infections.

The most effective gas of the first world war was mustard gas a vesicent, which was introduced by Germany in July 1917. Mustard gas is not a particularly effective killing agent but the skin of its victims got blistered, their eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes.

Fuel value can be expressed in terms of calorific value of fuel. The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat produced by burning 1 kg of fuel. Hydrogen has the highest calorific value of (141,790 KJ/kg ) thus have highest fuel value. Calorific value of charcoal, natural gas and gasoline are (29,600; 43,000; 47,300 kJ/kg) respectively. Natural gas majorly consists of methane.

Ethylene glycol solutions are marketed as “permanent anti-freeze”, and is used as anti-freeze agent for the automobile engine in cold countries where temperature is below zero degree centigrade.

Antiseptic are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction. Now phenyl being a phenol derivative possesses effective germicidal properties because phenol is germicidal in strong solution.

Welding refers to the process of joining two or more metals together. Approximately 20% of acetylene is consumed for oxyactylene gas welding and cutting due to high temperature of flame. Combustion of acetylene with oxygen produces a flame of over 3600 K (3300°C, 6000°F). Oxyacetylene is the hottest burning common fuel gas. Oxyacetylene welding was a very popular welding process in previous decades; however the development and advantages of arcbased welding process have made oxy fuel welding nearly extinct. This high temperature of flame makes head of metal pieces to be joined melt and they joined together when solidified on cooling.
Following is the chemical reaction occurring in above process:
2C₂H₂ + 5O₂ ⟶ 4CO₂ + 2H₂O
The polymerization of acetylene with Ziegler – Natta catalyst produces polyacetylene films. Polyacetylene, a chain of CH centres with alternating single and double bonds, was the one of first discovered organic semiconductors.
Chemical equation representing polymerization of acetylene.

Formic acid is stronger than acetic acid due to its chemical composition. Formic acid is an organic acid.

Cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerosene or heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.
Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to produce a metal from its ore. In this process the oxide ore is reduced to free metal by using reducing agents like coke or charcoal. Copper is also obtained from its oxide by this method in free state.
Hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen (usually as H₂). If an organic compound is hydrogenated, it becomes more ‘saturated’. Hydrogenation results in the conversion of liquid vegetable oils to solid (edible) fats.
Vulcanization is a chemical process for converting rubber into more durable materials via the addition of sulphur. Sulphur modify the rubber by forming crosslinks (bridges) between individual polymer chains. Vulcanized material is less sticky and has superior mechanical properties.

As molecular weight increases with increase in the length of carbon-carbon chain.

The addition of silicates to synthetic detergents has proved very beneficial. Silicates soften water by the formation of precipitates that can be easily rinsed away. Soluble silicates contribute to detergents as cleaning aids, processing aids, and corrosion inhibitors. As cleaning aids, soluble silicates provide alkalinity and promote soil suspension. Sodium sulphate is simply a filler in detergent powder, in much the same way as fillers are used in many medical tablets, it doesn’t play any active role as such.

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is made by compressing natural gas which is composed of methane (CH₄), it also contain small amount of ethane. Coal gas typically contains hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide.
LPG is the abbreviation or short form of Liquefied Petroleum gas. The major constituents of LPG is propane and butane.
Water gas is a synthesis gas, containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Liquified Natural Gas or LNG is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH₄) that has been converted temporarily to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid maximum transport pressure set at around 25 kPa/3.6 psi by cooling it to approximately –162°C (–260°F).
Dahej, in India has begun its first import of natural gas. Natural gas liquids recovery (NGL) involves refrigerated gas plants, turboexpanders, debutanizers, depropanizers, and JT plants. NGL can be separated using debutanizers and depropanizers into propane, butane, naphtha, etc.

Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are primarily propane and butane, the common, mixes include propane (60%) and butane (40%), depending on the season in winter more propane, in summer more butane. Propylene and butylenes are usually also present in small concentration. A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily.
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (CH₄). Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, burning methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released. In many cities, methane is piped into homes for domestic heating and cooking purposes. Methane in the form of compressed natural gas is used as a vehicle fuel. Methane is used in industrial chemical processes for the production of hydrogen, methanol, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride, also used as a fuel in factories.

Dry cleaning is a cleaning process for clothing and textiles involves using a chemical solvents other then water. The solvent used is typically trichloroethylene while carbon tetra chloride and tri chloroethane is used historically. Benzene is other common agent used for this purpose.

RDX, an initialism for Research Department Explosive, is an explosive nitroamine widely used in military and industrial applications. It is also known less commonly as cyclonite. Its chemical name is cyclotrimethylene trinitramine.

Bisphenol A, commonly abbreviated as BPA, is an organic compound with two phenol functional groups. Bisphenol A is used primarily to make plastics which is used in making food packaging material.It is a key monomer in production of epoxy resins and used to make polycarbonate plastic. Polycarbonate plastic, which is clear and nearly shatter-proof, is used to make a variety of common products including baby and water bottles, sports equipment, medical and dental devices, dental fillings and sealants, eyeglass lenses, CDs and DVDs, and household electronics.

Cause of blast in a mine in generally mixture of methane and air. CH₄ in the main gas exerted from a mine, when it comes in contact with air, explosions take place.

Nitroglycerine (NG) also known as nitroglycerine, trinitroglycerin, trinitroglycerine, 1,2,3-trinitroxypropane and glyceryl trinitrate is a heavy, colorless, oily, explosive liquid obtained by nitrating glycerol. Alfred Nobel discovered that mixing nitroglycerin with diatomaceous earth would turn the liquid into a paste, called dynamite. An advantage of dynamite was that it could be cylinder-shaped for insertion into the drilling holes used for mining.

Aspartame is metabolized by the body into two constituent amino acids and methanol. These hydrolysis products are handled by the body in the same way as aspartic acid, L-Phenylanine and methanol from other consumed foods. These components yield NO calorie and add nothing new to the diet.

Chlorofluorocarbons are used in the production of plastic foams, in cleaning electronic components and as pressurizing agents in aerosol cans.